Free surface flows
Free surface flows are encountered in a number of engineering applications. In such problems, special care needs to be exercised to enforce the necessary free surface boundary conditions. In most problems of practical interest, the complex shape of the free surface makes this a non-trivial task. In case of Eulerian numerical schemes, additional equations are required to be solved in order to track the evolution of the free surface, with additional algorithmic complexities and computational cost. In such cases, smoothed particle hydrodynamics being a Lagrangian, particle based, mesh free method offers an efficient approach to solving the governing equations as the free surface boundary conditions are implicitly satisfied.

Dry bed dam break

Wet bed dam break

Sloshing under vertical excitation

Sloshing under horizontal excitation